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Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of outbreak of infectious diseases reported in schools in Shanghai from 2014 to 2019， and to suggest related strategies for efficient response to public health emergencies. Methods:Descriptive epidemiology method was used to analyze the outbreak of infectious diseases reported in schools in Shanghai from 2014 to 2019. Results:A total of 82 infectious disease emergencies were reported in schools in Shanghai during 2014 and 2019， involving 1 760 disease cases and 2 deaths. The incidence peaks in each year were from March to June and from September to December. The events mainly occurred in kindergartens and primary schools， with 35 and 25 incidences respectively. The main types of events were hand-foot-and-mouth disease and chickenpox， accounting for 48.78% and 46.34% of public health emergencies of infectious diseases in school， respectively. The time it took to report the events was positively correlated to the duration and the scale of the events. The sooner the epidemic was reported， the shorter it lasted． Conclusion:The kindergartens and primary schools are the places with a high incidence of infectious diseases reported in schools. Measures such as regular surveillance， vaccination management， early reporting and effective handling should be executed at the early stage so as to prevent the spread of the epidemics.
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Objective:To assess the biosafety risk from a public health perspective and provide scientific evidence for centers for disease control and prevention to formulate diversified strategies and well-organized resource allocation. Methods:Based on the global summary of pathogenic microorganism which might be used against human beings intentionally， we performed a multi-round consultation to the expert team with a scientific background and professional qualification， using a Delphi method. According to the consultation and reliability test， a consistent evaluation was conducted from seven dimensions， including fatality rate， implementation of biosafety-related events， short-term probability， long-term probability， difficulty of rescue， early detection， and response capacity of the public health system. Results:The overall opinions of the experts tended to be consistent. Bacillus anthracis had been scored the highest in the comprehensive biosafety risk， which was much higher than the second （botulinum toxin） and third places （Yersinia pestis）， raising a significant public health concern. In addition， multiple hemorrhagic fever viruses had a higher biosafety risk. Conclusions:Based on the perspective of public health， the biosafety risk can be evaluated reasonably. Pathogenic microorganisms with zoonotic characteristics and long incubation periods are more difficult to detect in advance in the environment， posing a higher risk. The formulation of disease control and prevention strategies in public health resource-limited areas warrants particular attention to high-risk biosafety events.
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Objective To investigate the achievement of HbAlc ( A) ,blood pressure ( B) ,and LDL-C ( C) control goals of diabetes and explore their association with indices of renal function among diabetics in community. Methods A total of 388 diabetes patients aged 45 years and older were enrolled who received physical examination in a community.In addition to blood pressure (BP),were measured fasting blood glucose,glycated hemoglobin ( HbAlc) ,serum lipid,creatinine,and urea nitrogen. Results In this investigation only 1.8%of diabetes patients achieved ABC goals.And 34.0% achieved none of the three and 45.9%reached only one of the three.In the 388 diabetes patients,54.6%had HbAlc<7%,25.0%LDL-C <2.6 mmol/L,and 8.2% BP<130/80 mmHg.The levels of serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were elevated with age and not found to have association with the achievement of ABC goals. Conclusion Poor achievement of ABC goals was among diabetics in community.The effective control of blood pressure and LDL contributes to improvement of comprehensive control levels for diabetics.
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Objective To explore the application of Framingham Stroke Risk Profile in elderly people. Methods A total of 5 148 people aged 55 years and older who received physical examination in a community were enrolled.Information of their healthy status and risk factors were collected by interview using a questionnaire.Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and blood pressure as well as fasting plasma glucose ( FPG) , and serum lipid were measured. Results The average 10-year probabilities of stroke in elderly people were 9.79% in men and 6.20% in women ( P <0.05).Besides aging factor, higher risk probability in men might be related to their higher proportions of smoking and atrial fibrillation. In addition to blood pressure and FPG which were variables associated with risk profile, WC/height ratio ( WHR) and serum triglyceride level were associated with increased risk of stroke estimated by stroke risk profile (OR=1.598, 95%CI:1.371~1.864;OR=1.487, 95%CI:1.225~1.783), respectively. Conclusion Besides factors which had been included by risk profile, it is important to pay attention to weight control and triglyceride level.For elderly male, to quit smoking is an important measure that decreases their risk of stroke.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the pollutant levels of regulated disinfection by-products trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in raw water from the Huangpu River, the Yangtze River and different treatment processes and finished water, and to explore the changes tendency in transmission and distribution pipeline network.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 65 ml water samples with two replicates were collected from different raw water, corresponding treatment processes, finished water and six national surveillance points in main network of transmission and distribution, water source for A water plant and B, C water plant was the Huangpu River and the Yangtze River, respectively. Regulated THMs and HAAs above water samples were detected by gas chromatography.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total trihalomethanes (THM(4)) concentration in different treatment processes of A water plant was ND-9.64 µg/L, dichlorobromomethane was the highest (6.43 µg/L). The THM(4) concentration in B and C water plant was ND to 38.06 µg/L, dibromochloromethane (12.24 µg/L) and bromoform (14.07 µg/L) were the highest in the B and the C water plant respectively. In addition to trichloroacetic acid in A water plant from the raw water, the other HAAs came from different treatment processes. The total haloacetic acids (HAA(6)) concentration of different treated processes in A water plant was 3.21 - 22.97 µg/L, mobromoacetic acid (10.40 µg/L) was the highest. Dibromoacetic acid was the highest both in B (8.25 µg/L) and C (8.84 µg/L) water plant, HAA(6) concentration was ND to 27.18 µg/L. The highest and the lowest concentration of THM(4) were found from the main distribution network of C and A water plant respectively, but the concentration of HAA(6) in the main water pipes network of A water plant was the highest, and the lowest in C water plant. The THMs concentration was 21.11 - 31.18 µg/L in C water plant and 6.72 - 8.51 µg/L in A water plant. The concentration of HAA(6) was 25.02 - 37.31 µg/L in A water plant and 18.69 - 23.32 µg/L in C water plant. The highest concentrations of brominated disinfection by-products in B and C water plant were 54.57 µg/L and 45.38 µg/L respectively, those were higher than A water plant (18.98 µg/L), and higher than the chlorinated disinfection by-products in B and C water plants (30.23 µg/L and 30.60 µg/L).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The THM(4) concentrations of finished water treated from Huangpu River was lower than finished water from the Yangtze River, while the HAAs concentrations in finish water from Huangpu River was higher than the two water plants of Yangtze River. The fluctuations of THMs and HAAs concentration in distribution network were low during transmission and distribution process.</p>